![]() ![]() The number of left-behind children has been increasing dramatically in recent decades in China ( 4). The developing brain is particularly sensitive to early-life neglect. It is well-known that child neglect increases the risk for the development of many psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression ( 5, 6). Considering the importance of mother–infant attachment in the early-life period, maternal separation (MS) is one of the most widely used models to elucidate the effects and neurobiological mechanisms of child neglect ( 7). ![]() However, due to the different MS paradigms and strains, the findings of the animal behavioral changes in both mice and rats are inconsistent. Some studies have reported that MS induces impaired memory ( 8), anxiety, and depressive behavior in rodents ( 9, 10). ![]()
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